soundscape, Audio-visual interaction, natural landscape, nature-based environment, psycho-physiological health, urban sustainability 

Soundscape and landscape are the internal perceptual experiences of the acoustic and visual environments. They are increasingly recognised as design elements that can promote healthy cities and population health, and a deeper understanding of them is important for policymaking. This review explores the influence of the soundscape and natural landscape on psycho-physiological health, including their interaction, and we used the term ‘sensescape’ to refer to the combination of the perceptual influences of soundscape and natural landscape on people. Using ISI Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest Central, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar, a literature search was undertaken on the therapeutic health implications of landscape and soundscape on urban milieu and residents. The results demonstrated that exposure to natural sound and visual environments was associated with slower heart rates and greater parasympathetic nerve activation. The presentation of complex audio-visual environments demonstrated that visual signals stimulate the brain area that activates physio-psychological relaxation. It was also found to be beneficial tools for participatory soundscape and landscape planning. Overall, the combined effect of natural landscape and soundscape may improve psychophysiological health and should be considered when considering future planning and management of urban environments. Practical imlications, limitations, and future research directions is also discussed. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2023.2280288