The paper present and discusses three models for acoustic design, namely the traditional objective energy-based model of the acoustic environment, the subjective listener-centred model of soundscape studies, and the information-based communicational model of the "acoustic community" which attempts to incorporate the other two. For each model, the author presents its basic conceptual framework, its methodological approach, its concept of the role of noise, and its characteristic design criteria and strategies. Parallels between these models of the acoustic environment and those of musical composition are also made. Based on this overview, the limitations and range of applicability of each model to problems of acoustic design in the environment are discussed. The author draws on the 25-year experience of the World Soundscape Project as well as the recommendations of the Urban Noise Task Force of the City of Vancouver (1997) to illustrate various practical implementations of these theoretical models. 

https://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio-webdav/WSP_Doc/Articles/Truax_Models&Strategies.pdf